First Generation College Student: Definition, Challenges and Tips for Students
College can be a whirlwind for anyone, but for first-generation students, it can feel like going through a whole new world. If you (or someone you know) are about to embark on this exciting journey, you might be wondering: what exactly does “first-generation” mean? This blog will break down everything you need to know about being a first-generation college student, from the official definition to the unique experiences you might encounter.
What is a First-Generation College Student?
In the broadest sense, a first-generation college student comes from a family with no history of attending college. Many FGCS come from low-income backgrounds with limited exposure to higher education. The federal Higher Education Act, which determines eligibility for financial aid, defines an FGCS as someone whose custodial parents (those living with the student) lack a bachelor’s degree.
However, there’s no single, universally agreed-upon definition of a first-generation college student (FGCS). High school counselors and college admissions officers grapple with the specifics: Does having one parent with a college degree disqualify someone? Does the type of degree (bachelor’s vs. associate’s) matter? What if a college-educated parent isn’t actively involved in the student’s life?
Therefore, colleges and educational associations often have their own definitions. They may identify first-generation students through questions about parental education history on the Common Application.
While enrollment rates for these students are rising, graduation rates remain a challenge. Over half of all college students can be considered first-generation, as defined by the Center for First-Generation Student Success: neither parent holds a bachelor’s degree. By the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) standards, 37% of undergrads in 2016 were first-gen.
A 2002 study with over 7,300 students revealed the “first-generation” label could encompass anywhere from 22% to 77% of participants, depending on the definition used. This variability likely applies across institutions nationwide.
Despite rising enrollment, FGCS often faces steeper odds of graduation. Research suggests they are more likely to be older Black or Hispanic women from low-income communities with dependents.
Fortunately, a growing number of high schools, colleges, and organizations are recognizing the specific needs of first-generation students. FGCS who take advantage of these resources and programs have a better chance of graduating with a bachelor’s degree.
Challenges Faced by First-Generation College Students
1. Unfamiliar environment
Entering college can be overwhelming, especially for those without a family blueprint. Even supportive parents may not know how to navigate the college application process, while others might not fully endorse their children’s college aspirations. This lack of guidance makes everything, from college selection to application procedures, a difficult and unfamiliar journey.
2. Financial strain
First-generation students are more likely to come from low-income backgrounds, making the cost of tuition, housing, and textbooks a significant burden. Balancing work, academics, and personal life to make ends meet adds significant stress.
3. Cultural and social adjustment
The transition to college life can be isolating, particularly for students whose families haven’t experienced higher education. They may struggle to find a sense of belonging and adapt to the college culture, compared to students from backgrounds where higher education is the norm.
4. Lack of support networks
First-generation students often lack the built-in support networks that their peers take for granted. This absence, especially when unfamiliar with the complexities of academic life, can lead to feelings of imposter syndrome and self-doubt.
5. Academic preparedness
Pre-college disparities can impact academic preparedness. First-generation students may have had limited access to resources like AP courses, diverse extracurricular activities (ECs), and college counseling. This lack of preparation may translate to fewer opportunities on campus, such as leadership roles, faculty research projects, paid internships, and study abroad programs, compared to continuing-generation students.
6. Mental health struggles
The cumulative effect of these challenges can take a toll on mental health. The stress of adapting to a new environment, financial pressures, and academic expectations can lead to anxiety and other mental health issues.
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5 Tips for First-Generation College Students
Many institutions actively seek to diversify their campuses and welcome first-generation, low-income, and minority students. Higher education as a whole is placing a greater emphasis on overcoming adversity in the admissions process. Here are five ways FGCS can increase their chances of success in college:
1. Free resources
School counselors can help students explore career interests, plan course schedules aligned with college aspirations, and stay informed about deadlines for applications, financial aid, and entrance exams. Unfortunately, counselors at under-resourced high schools may be overloaded or lack knowledge of specific programs and opportunities. Organizations like Minds Matter and Summer Search bridge this gap by providing mentorship specifically geared towards encouraging first-generation and low-income students to apply to a wider range of colleges.
2. Educational Opportunity Programs (EOPs)
EOPs, offered by many colleges, serve as a bridge between high school and college for low-income and first-generation students. These programs provide crucial support, including summer preparatory courses that introduce students to challenging college-level coursework, particularly in rigorous subjects like advanced math. This exposure is essential for success, even for FGCS with strong grades and test scores. EOPs empower students to understand course expectations and feel confident in their ability to meet them. Eligibility for EOPs is typically based on family income and demonstrated student interest, and these programs are usually available to in-state students at public colleges.
3. Be open to learning
Beyond academics, understanding the unspoken social norms of college can be difficult for FGCS. Students from families with no college experience may be unfamiliar with how to interact with professors, seek out research opportunities, or utilize other valuable resources.
4. Build a support network
Surround yourself with peers who share your goals and understand your background. Seek out mentors, professors, or advisors who can offer guidance and encouragement. Many colleges have first-generation student organizations that provide a sense of community and belonging.
5. Prioritize self-care
College can be stressful, and prioritizing mental and physical well-being is crucial for success. Take advantage of campus resources like counseling centers, health services, and stress-reduction workshops. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with balanced sleep, exercise, and a nutritious diet will help you perform at your best.
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From the Desk of Yocket
First-generation college students are inspiring. They represent the breaking of barriers and the pursuit of knowledge against potentially unfamiliar odds. Their journey to higher education is often paved with a unique set of challenges. They might lack a frame of reference for understanding the college application process, financial aid options, or the social dynamics of campus life. Additionally, the pressure to succeed can be immense, carrying the hopes and aspirations of their families on their shoulders.
Despite these challenges, first-generation students bring valuable strengths to the table. Their determination and resilience are often forged by overcoming obstacles. They may possess a strong work ethic and a deep appreciation for the opportunity to learn and grow. Their experiences can also foster a sense of independence and resourcefulness as they navigate unfamiliar territory. Also, yocket can provide additional support and resources, helping first-generation students connect with peers and mentors who understand their unique journey.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who is a First-Generation College Student?
A first-generation college student is someone whose parents (or guardians) haven’t completed a four-year college degree. This can include situations where parents started but never finished a degree or attended a two-year community college.
Am I still considered First-Gen if my siblings went to college?
Generally, yes. If neither biological parent has a four-year degree, you’re still considered first-gen.
Are there any challenges First-Generation Students face?
Yes, first-generation students can face challenges. Understanding college applications, financial aid, and campus life can be unfamiliar territory. They may also feel pressure to succeed for their families or experience imposter syndrome.